1. Nonce Words, their origin and ways of forming.

A nonce word is a word which is made up for one occasion and not likely to be encountered again.

There was a phrase for þe naness (c.1200) which meant "for a special occasion, for a particular purpose.” This phrase was a misunderstanding of an earlier phrase, for þan anes, which meant "for the one.” According to the Online Etymology Dictionary, the phrase "for the nonce” was used from the early 14th century as "an empty filler in metrical composition.” The phrase "for the nonce” as now used can mean "for the occasion, for the time being, in the meantime.

”Nonce-word was coined in 1884 for the purpose of providing a descriptive label in the N.E.D. (New English Dictionary, original title of the Oxford English Dictionary) by the great editor James Murray. It was used to describe "Words apparently employed only for the nonce.” The phrase "for the nonce,” meaning "for the occasion,” is used by Claudius as he and Laertes plan to murder Hamlet: When in your motion you are hot and dry–
As make your bouts more violent to that end–
And that he calls for drink, I’ll have prepared him
A chalice for the nonce, whereon but sipping,
If he by chance escape your venom’d stuck,
Our purpose may hold there. Being non-existent, unknown, yet comprehensible due to the situation or the context, they produce, as a rule, a humorous effect. The reason for this effect lies in the discrepancy between the outlaw status of the word and its formal correctness, the structural rightness of its appearance. A meist (or me-ist) is someone who subscribes to some form of me-ism. You know the type. Maybe you are the type. I don’t know, you tell me: are you a youist? If I say, "I’m a meist!” that of course means that I’m full of myself. Many authors use nonce-words in their works. There are some examples: "He had a clean-cravatish formality of manner and kitchen-pokerness of carriage.” (Dickens) "She objected to George because he was George. It was, as it were, his essential Georgeness that offended her.” (Wodehouse) "Her nose was red and dew-droppy. She was too…. Jack-in-the-boxy.” (Aldington) Jack-in-the-box: a toy figue that springs out of its box when opened. Nonce-words, incidentally, contribute to brevity of speech. To nonce-words may also be referred word combinations and sentences used attributively. Recall the famous example from Three Men in a Boat by Jerome K. Jerome: "There is a sort of ‘oh-what-a-wicked-world-this-is-and-how-I-wish-I-could-do-something-to-make-it better-and-nobler”

Of special significance is occasional conversion of the noun-verb type: "I’d chambermaid them if I had my way.”(Priestley) "I didn’t buy the piano to the sonatoed out of my own house.” (Greenwood) Dickens in his novel Hard Times in Mr.Bounderby’s mouth very uncommon nonce-words made by conversion. Mrs.Sparsit [Bounderby’s housekeeper] gives her account of events: "I have heard him on such occasions produce sounds of a nature similar to what may be sometimes heard in Dutch clocks…” "Well!” said the exasperated Bounderby. "While he was snoring, or choking, or Dutch-clocking, or something or other…” · Thus, by analogy with the well-known word humanity a jocular word is formed: womanity. Since there are words like mouthful, spoonful, handful, the word balconyful may be formed – a word which may never have been used any more since it appeared in a book by R.Chesterton: "There was a balconyful of gentlemen….” Horace Walpole--the author of the first Gothic novel, and one of the 18th century's most dedicated letter-writers--was fond of coining new words when the mood struck him. He didn't invent the insult nincompoop, but he does get credit for the derived form nincompoophood, a word that could stand to be reintroduced. When he wanted to refer to 'greenness' and 'blueness,' he made up greenth and blueth. When he wanted a word meaning 'intermediatness,' he coined betweenity. And while most of these disappeared as quickly as they were invented, a few of his coinages have stuck: Walpole was fond of a fairy tale about three princes from Sri Linka, once known as Serendip, who made a series of unexpected discoveries, so he made up a word to describe the phenomenon. More than two centuries later we still use serendipity for lucky chances.[1]

In the formation of nonce-words all means of word-building are employed: derivation, composition, conversion. As for derivation, it is worth mentioning that nonce-words are formed not only with the help of productive affixes, but also by non-productive than the suffix –ness; in both cases, however, the humour is obvious. For this purpose, the translator should remember word-formation rules, in particular the following: 1. Giving words new affixes (i.e. suffixes, prefixes, and endings attached to words/word stems to form new words): English: losingest, googling, telescam Russian: постсоветский (post-Soviet) , мобильник (a mobile phone), наркотизм (narcotism). 2. Creation of new meaning of existing words: English: footprint – an impact on our planet Russian: мыло ("an email" – the new IT-slang meaning; "a soap" – the traditional meaning) 3. Loanwords (mostly professional and scientific terms borrowed from other languages): English: glasnost (from Russian: publicity, openness), ponzu (from Japanese: a sauce made with soy sauce and citrus juice), chuddies (from Hindi: underpants) Russian:бизнес-ланч (from English: a business lunch), секьюрити (from English: a bodyguard), спичрайтер (from English: a speech writer) 4. Semi-abbreviations (words made up of parts of other words), abbreviations and acronyms: English: biosecurity, nomophobia (an abbreviation for "no-mobile-phone phobia" which means a fear of being out of mobile phone contact), FSU (the Former Soviet Union) Russian: СПИД (AIDS), страхагент (an insurance agent), туроператор (a tour operator)

2. The analysis of the novel "Alice in Wonderland”.

2.1 Lewis Carroll and his famous novel. Lewis Carroll's real name was Charles Lutwidge Dodgson. He was born at DarsberyParsonage , Jan. 27, 1832, and died at Guilford, Jan. 14 1898. Charles Lutwidge Dodgson was a Professor of mathematics, he worked in Oxford University as a tutor, he was the author of several works on mathematics and logic. Professor Dodgson liked to communicate with children very much, and he had more friends among them than among adult people. Most of all his friends he liked Alice Lidell, a daughter of head of Christ Church College. She was that person who was presented the first hand-written text of the fairy tale "Alice's adventures Under Gruond", which Doctor Dodgson had told Alice and her sisters Lorine and Edith in the famous picnic on 4th of July in 1862. The hand-written text was illustrated with author's drawings. And only in 1865 supplemented variant of the tale was published under another title "Alice's Adventures in Wonderland", this time illustrated by Jon Daniel, under Carroll's control. What makes these nonsense tales so durable? Aside from the immediate appeal of the characters, their colourful language, and the sometimes hilarious verse or nonce words for us ("Twas brillig, and the slithy toves/did gyre and gimble in the wabe:"). The most popular nonce words which are used by many people · Curiouser instead more curious. ‘"Curiouser and curiouser!” cried Alice.’ · Jack-in-the-box is a children's toy that outwardly consists of a box with a crank. "Well, I hardly know – No more, thank you; I’m better now – but I’m a deal too flustered to tell you – all I know is, something comes at me like a Jack-in-the-box, and up I goes like a sky-rocket.” · By-the-bye = By the way "By-the-bye, what became of the baby?” · Jabberwocky from verb to jabber – болтать, тараторить.

2.2. Jabberwocky

During 125 years that have passed from the day of publication of "Alice in Wonderland" it became clear that his book - in not only an outstanding work but an innovating one, and that the modest tutor of Oxford was an unusual thinker, which pondered over many problems of contemporary with him knowledge, and at times surpassing his time. It became definitely clear nowadays when his diaries and letters, his works at logic and puzzles, and when several modern scientists began to search his works, including two tales about Alice, from the positions of our times. The Jabberwocky poem in the chapter, ‘Looking Glass House’ is known is a poem of Nonce verse. The nonce words in the poem are part of Lewis Carolls invention and what he coined as Lexicon: a language without direct or obvious meaning. As Alice reads the poem, even she admits it is a little difficult to follow but understands ‘ that something has killed something’(It seems very pretty,' she said when she had finished it, 'but it's rather hard to understand!' (You see she didn't like to confess, even to herself, that she couldn't make it out at all.) 'Somehow it seems to fill my head with ideas---only I don't exactly know what they are! However, somebody killed something: that's clear, at any rate') In the author's note to the Christmas 1896 edition of Through the Looking-Glass Carroll writes, "The new words, in the poem Jabberwocky, have given rise to some differences of opinion as to their pronunciation, so it may be well to give instructions on that point also. Pronounce 'slithy' as if it were the two words, 'sly, thee': make the 'g' hard in 'gyre' and 'gimble': and pronounce 'rath' to rhyme with 'bath.'" In the Preface to The Hunting of the Snark, Carroll wrote, "[Let] me take this opportunity of answering a question that has often been asked me, how to pronounce "slithy toves." The "i" in "slithy" is long, as in "writhe", and "toves" is pronounced so as to rhyme with "groves." Again, the first "o" in "borogoves" is pronounced like the "o" in "borrow." I have heard people try to give it the sound of the "o" in "worry." Such is Human Perversity." The use of Lexicon in the verse is can have different interpretations and combine both nouns adjectives and verbs. Here are a few, some as described by Lewis Carroll, who even he himself admits didn’t always know the meaning. Possible interpretations of words Nouns: Bandersnatch: A swift moving creature with snapping jaws, capable of extending its neck. A 'bander' was also an archaic word for a 'leader', suggesting that a 'bandersnatch' might be an animal that hunts the leader of a group. Borogove: Following the poem Humpty Dumpty says, " 'borogove' is a thin shabby-looking bird with its feathers sticking out all round, something like a live mop." In explanatory book notes Carroll describes it further as "an extinct kind of Parrot. They had no wings, beaks turned up, made their nests under sun-dials and lived on veal." In Hunting of the Snark, Carroll says that the initial syllable of borogove is pronounced as in borrow rather than as in worry. Jabberwocky: When a class in the Girls' Latin School in Boston asked Carroll's permission to name their school magazine The Jabberwock, he replied: "The Anglo-Saxon word 'wocer' or 'wocor' signifies 'offspring' or 'fruit'. Taking 'jabber' in its ordinary acceptation of 'excited and voluble discussion,'" Jub jub bird: 'A desperate bird that lives in perpetual passion', according to the Butcher in Carroll's later poem The Hunting of the Snark. 'Jub' is an ancient word for a jerkin or a dialect word for the trot of a horse (OED). It might make reference to the call of the bird resembling the sound "jub, jub". Wabe: The characters in the poem suggest it means "The grass plot around a sundial", called a 'wa-be' because it "goes a long way before it, and a long way behind it".In the original MischMasch text, Carroll states a 'wabe' is "the side of a hill (from its being soaked by rain)". The Mome Wraths’: Humpty Dumpty says following the poem: "A 'rath' is a sort of green pig: but 'mome" I'm not certain about. I think it's short for 'from home', meaning that they'd lost their way". Carroll's notes for the original in Mischmasch state: "a species of Badger [which] had smooth white hair, long hind legs, and short horns like a stag [and] lived chiefly on cheese". Explanatory book notes comment that 'Mome' means to seem 'grave' and a 'Rath': is "a species of land turtle. Head erect, mouth like a shark, the front forelegs curved out so that the animal walked on its knees, smooth green body, lived on swallows and oysters. "In the 1951 film version, the mome raths are small, multi-colored creatures with tufty hair, round eyes, and long legs resembling pipe stems. Tulgey Wood: a thick or fast wood where the trees lie. Brillig: Following the poem, the character of Humpty Dumpty comments: " 'Brillig' means four o'clock in the afternoon, the time when you begin broiling things for dinner." According to Mischmasch, it is derived from the verb to bryl or broil. Tove: Humpty Dumpty says " 'Toves' are something like badgers, they're something like lizards, and they're something like corkscrews. [...] Also they make their nests under sun-dials, also they live on cheese." Pronounced so as to rhyme with groves. They "gyre and gimble," i.e. rotate and bore. Adjectives Chorteled: combination of chuckling and snorting Frabjous: Possibly a blend of fair, fabulous, and joyous. Definition from Oxford English Dictionary, credited to Lewis Carroll. Frumious: Combination of "fuming" and "furious". In Hunting of the Snark Carroll comments, "Take the two words 'fuming' and 'furious'. Make up your mind that you will say both words, but leave it unsettled which you will say first. Now open your mouth and speak. If your thoughts incline ever so little towards 'fuming', you will say 'fuming-furious'; if they turn, by even a hair's breadth, towards 'furious', you will say 'furious-fuming'; but if you have the rarest of gifts, a perfectly balanced mind, you will say 'frumious'." Beamish: Radiantly beaming, happy, cheerful. Although Carroll may have believed he had coined this word, it is cited in the Oxford English Dictionary in 1530. Mimsy: " 'Mimsy' is 'flimsy and miserable' ". Manxome: Possibly 'fearsome'; A portmanteau of "manly" and "buxom", the latter relating to men for most of its history; or relating to Manx people. Slithy: Humpty Dumpty says: " 'Slithy' means 'lithe and slimy'. 'Lithe' is the same as 'active'. You see it's like a portmanteau, there are two meanings packed up into one word."The original in MischMasch notes that 'slithy' means "smooth and active" There is long, as in writhe. Tulgey: Carroll himself said he could give no source for Tulgey. Could be taken to mean thick, dense, dark. Verbs: Galumphing: Perhaps used in the poem a blend of 'gallop' and 'triumphant'. Used later by Kipling, and cited by Webster as "To move with a clumsy and heavy tread" Vorpal: Carroll said he could not explain this word, though it has been noted that it can be formed by taking letters alternately from "verbal" and "gospel". Snicker-snack: possibly related to the large knife, the snickersnee. Uffish: Carroll noted "It seemed to suggest a state of mind when the voice is gruffish, the manner roughish, and the temper huffish". Burbled: In a letter of December 1877, Carroll notes that "burble" could be a mixture of the three verbs 'bleat', 'murmer', and 'warble', although he didn't remember creating it. Outgrabe: Humpty says " 'outgribing' is something between bellowing and whistling, with a kind of sneeze in the middle". Carroll's book appendices suggest it is the past tense of the verb to 'outgribe', connected with the old verb to 'grike' or 'shrike', which derived 'shriek' and 'creak' and hence 'squeak'. Chortled: "Combination of 'chuckle' and 'snort'." (OED) Gimble:"To make holes as does a gimlet." Gyre: "To 'gyre' is to go round and round like a gyroscope. "Gyre is entered in the OED from 1420, meaning a circular or spiral motion or form; especially a giant circular oceanic surface current. However, Carroll also wrote in Mischmasch that it meant to scratch like a dog. The g is pronounced like the /g/ in gold, not like gem.

CONCLUSION.

For the conclusion I'd like to say that the novel of Lewis Carroll is a universal book, and it can be used not only as the source of texts for reading at the lessons of English language but it generously provides philologists with the examples of many language phenomena, such as nonce words, polysemy, homonymy, Carroll used a lot of stylistic devices in his book, for example pun, personification. Carroll lavishly used resources of his native language in his books about Alice's adventures. This book is full of original language discoveries, the author of "Alice in Wonderland" experiments with the language, plays with it. We admire his bright imagination of Professor Dodgson, and try to guess, why a raven is like a writing desk.... The language in this novel is in a category of its own. Carroll writes for children but has the ability to use language and imagination that would make an adult interested as well. I hope that our work would be useful for the students in the process of studying English and, perhaps, it would inspire other final-year students to work on Lewis Carroll's books in other new directions, though, in my opinion, the process of investigating this book is interminable. Nowadays many people like Carroll create their own words and use them in everyday speech. It not nonsense! Nonce words help us make the speech vivid, interesting, humorous, ironical, emotional, understandable; we can reflect our thoughts and feelings. Some linguists think of nonce words as the sprinkles of color in a language, since nonce words is often unique, unusual, and sometimes startling. Finally, part of the joy and pleasure of English is its boundless creativity: I can describe a new machine as bicyclish, I can say that I'm vitamining myself to stave off a cold, I can complain that someone is the smilingest person I've ever seen, and I can decide, out of the blue, that fetch is now the word I want to use to mean "cool." By the same token, readers and listeners can decide to adopt or ignore any of these uses or forms. So, please, leave off the "not a real word" apologia. A far better (and dare I say, funnier) technique is to jump in with both feet and use whatever word strikes your fancy. Instead of being defensive, demand that any who dares to quibble over your use prove that your word is, in fact, not a word.